Significant Achievements in Protection and Restoration of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem in Northern Tibet, China

Alpine grassland is a fragile ecosystem, and a large area of this grassland type has been severely degraded in Northern Tibet, to the extent that it has become the primary ecological problem in the region. Various levels of government, including the national central government, the Tibetan Autonomous Region government, and the Nagqu Prefecture government have worked together to achieve alpine grassland ecosystem protection and prevent grassland degradation. These efforts have resulted in significant ecological, social, and economic benefits in Northern Tibet.     

气候变化对藏北地区草地生产力的影响模拟

利用政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)排放情景特别报告(SRES)的A2和B2方案,通过区域气候模式系统PRECIS与草地生态模型SPUR相联接,模拟评估未来2071—2100年藏北地区草地生产力的变化。结果表明:2种温室气体排放情景下,温度升高、太阳总辐射降低和降水量增加的区域,各类型草地地上生物量基本呈增加的趋势;降水量减少的区域,高嵩草型草地地上生物量呈减少的趋势;藏北地区的草地生产力不大可能从CO2富集上得到多大好处。     

基于CASA模型的藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力及其时空格局

基于1981-2004年遥感监测和气象数据,采用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型模拟分析藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力(NPP)及其时空变化特征.结果表明:受水热条件的制约,藏北地区草地植被NPP空间分布规律呈水平地带性分布,由东南向西北逐渐由230g C.m-2.a-1减少到接近0.藏北地区草地植被NPP整体水平较低,年均草地植被总NPP为21.5×1012g C.a-1,多年平均值仅为48.1g C.m-2.a-1,明显低于青藏高原和其它草原区.藏北地区坡度小于1°平地和平滩地,以及南坡的草地植被年平均NPP相对较低.藏北主要高寒草地7-9月NPP占全年NPP的64.0%~70.0%.1981-2004年间,藏北地区草地植被总NPP的年际变化较大,并有进一步下降趋势.     

Investigation of the status quo of massive blood transfusion in China

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of massive transfusion in Chinese hospitals, identify the important indications for massive transfusion and corrective therapies based on clinical evidences and supporting experimental studies, and propose guidelines for the management of massive transfusion. This multi-region, multi-center retrospective study involved a Massive Blood Transfusion Coordination Group composed of 50 clinical experts specializing in blood transfusion, cardiac surgery, anesthesiology, obstetrics, general surgery, and medical statistics from 20 tertiary general hospitals across five regions in China. Data were collected for all patients, who received ≥ 10 U red blood cell transfusion within 24 hours in the participating hospitals from January 1 2009 to December 31 2010, including patient’s demographics, pre-, peri-, and post-operative clinical characteristics, laboratory test results before, during, and after transfusion, and patient mortality at post-transfusion and discharge. We also designed an in vitro hemodilution model to investigate the changes of blood coagulation indices during massive transfusion and the correction of coagulopathy through supplement blood components under different hemodilutions. The experimental data in combination with the clinical evidences were used to determine the optimal proportion and timing for blood component supplementation during massive transfusion. Based on the findings from the present study, together with an extensive review of domestic and international transfusion-related literature and consensus feedback from the 50 experts, we drafted the guidelines on massive blood transfusion that may help Chinese hospitals to develop standardized protocols for massive blood transfusion.